Skip to main content
编辑本页

Vert.x Web Client(Web客户端)是一个异步的 HTTP 和 HTTP/2 客户端。

Web Client使得发送 HTTP 请求以及从 Web 服务器接收 HTTP 响应变得更加便捷,同时提供了额外的高级功能,例如:

  • JSON体的编码和解码

  • 请求和响应泵

  • 请求参数的处理

  • 统一的错误处理

  • 提交表单

制作Web Client的目的并非为了替换Vert.x Core中的 HttpClient , 而是基于该客户端,扩展并保留其便利的设置和特性,例如请求连接池(Pooling),HTTP/2的支持, 流水线/管线的支持等。当您需要对 HTTP 请求和响应做细微粒度控制时,您应当使用 HttpClient

另外Web Client并未提供 WebSocket API,此时您应当使用 HttpClient

使用Web Client

如需使用Vert.x Web Client,请先加入以下依赖:

  • Maven (在 pom.xml 文件中):

<dependency>
 <groupId>io.vertx</groupId>
 <artifactId>vertx-web-client</artifactId>
 <version>3.6.2</version>
</dependency>
  • Gradle (在 build.gradle 文件中):

dependencies {
 compile 'io.vertx:vertx-web-client:3.6.2'
}

对Vert.x Core HTTP Client的回顾

Vert.x Web Client使用Vert.x Core的API,如您对此还不熟悉,请先熟悉 HttpClient 的一些基本概念。

创建Web Client

您可使用缺省设置创建一个 WebClient

WebClient client = WebClient.create(vertx);

您亦可使用配置选项来创建客户端:

WebClientOptions options = new WebClientOptions()
  .setUserAgent("My-App/1.2.3");
options.setKeepAlive(false);
WebClient client = WebClient.create(vertx, options);

Web Client配置选项继承自 HttpClient 配置选项,使用时可根据实际情况选择。

如已在程序中创建 HttpClient,可用以下方式复用:

WebClient client = WebClient.wrap(httpClient);

发送请求

无请求体的简单请求

一般情况下,HTTP GET,OPTIONS以及HEAD请求没有请求体,可用以下方式发送无请求体的HTTP Requests(HTTP请求):

WebClient client = WebClient.create(vertx);

// Send a GET request
client
  .get(8080, "myserver.mycompany.com", "/some-uri")
  .send(ar -> {
    if (ar.succeeded()) {
      // Obtain response
      HttpResponse<Buffer> response = ar.result();

      System.out.println("Received response with status code" + response.statusCode());
    } else {
      System.out.println("Something went wrong " + ar.cause().getMessage());
    }
  });

// Send a HEAD request
client
  .head(8080, "myserver.mycompany.com", "/some-uri")
  .send(ar -> {
    if (ar.succeeded()) {
      // Obtain response
      HttpResponse<Buffer> response = ar.result();

      System.out.println("Received response with status code" + response.statusCode());
    } else {
      System.out.println("Something went wrong " + ar.cause().getMessage());
    }
  });

您可用以下链式方式向请求URI添加查询参数

client
  .get(8080, "myserver.mycompany.com", "/some-uri")
  .addQueryParam("param", "param_value")
  .send(ar -> {
    if (ar.succeeded()) {
      // Obtain response
      HttpResponse<Buffer> response = ar.result();

      System.out.println("Received response with status code" + response.statusCode());
    } else {
      System.out.println("Something went wrong " + ar.cause().getMessage());
    }
  });

在请求URI中的参数将会被预填充

HttpRequest<Buffer> request = client.get(8080, "myserver.mycompany.com", "/some-uri?param1=param1_value&param2=param2_value");

// Add param3
request.addQueryParam("param3", "param3_value");

// Overwrite param2
request.setQueryParam("param2", "another_param2_value");

设置请求URI将会自动清除已有的查询参数

HttpRequest<Buffer> request = client.get(8080, "myserver.mycompany.com", "/some-uri");

// Add param1
request.addQueryParam("param1", "param1_value");

// Overwrite param1 and add param2
request.uri("/some-uri?param1=param1_value&param2=param2_value");

填充请求体

如需要发送请求体,可使用相同的API并在最后加上 sendXXX 方法发送相应的请求体。

例如用 sendBuffer 方法发送一个缓冲体:

client
  .post(8080, "myserver.mycompany.com", "/some-uri")
  .sendBuffer(buffer, ar -> {
    if (ar.succeeded()) {
      // Ok
    }
  });

有时候我们并不希望将所有数据一次性全部读入内存,因为文件太大或希望同时处理多个请求,希望每个请求仅使用最小的内存。出于此目的,Web Client可用 sendStream 方法发送流式数据 ReadStream<Buffer> (例如 AsyncFile 便是一个 ReadStream<Buffer>):

client
  .post(8080, "myserver.mycompany.com", "/some-uri")
  .sendStream(stream, ar -> {
    if (ar.succeeded()) {
      // Ok
    }
  });

Web Client会为您设置好传输泵以平滑传输流。如果流长度未知则使用分块传输(chunked transfer)。

如已知流的大小,可在HTTP协议头中设置 content-length 属性

fs.open("content.txt", new OpenOptions(), fileRes -> {
  if (fileRes.succeeded()) {
    ReadStream<Buffer> fileStream = fileRes.result();

    String fileLen = "1024";

    // Send the file to the server using POST
    client
      .post(8080, "myserver.mycompany.com", "/some-uri")
      .putHeader("content-length", fileLen)
      .sendStream(fileStream, ar -> {
        if (ar.succeeded()) {
          // Ok
        }
      });
  }
});

此时POST方法不会使用分块传输。

JSON体

有时您需要在请求体中使用JSON格式,可使用 sendJsonObject 方法发送 JsonObject

client
  .post(8080, "myserver.mycompany.com", "/some-uri")
  .sendJsonObject(new JsonObject()
    .put("firstName", "Dale")
    .put("lastName", "Cooper"), ar -> {
    if (ar.succeeded()) {
      // Ok
    }
  });

在Java,Groovy以及Kotlin语言中,您亦可使用 sendJson 方法发送POJO(Plain Old Java Object),该方法会自动调用 Json.encode 方法将 POJO 映射为 JSON:

client
  .post(8080, "myserver.mycompany.com", "/some-uri")
  .sendJson(new User("Dale", "Cooper"), ar -> {
    if (ar.succeeded()) {
      // Ok
    }
  });
Note
Json.encode 方法使用Jackson的 mapper将 POJO 映射成 JSON。

表单提交

您可使用 sendForm 方法发送HTTP表单。

MultiMap form = MultiMap.caseInsensitiveMultiMap();
form.set("firstName", "Dale");
form.set("lastName", "Cooper");

// Submit the form as a form URL encoded body
client
  .post(8080, "myserver.mycompany.com", "/some-uri")
  .sendForm(form, ar -> {
    if (ar.succeeded()) {
      // Ok
    }
  });

缺省情况下,提交表单的请求头中的 content-type 属性值为 application/x-www-form-urlencoded,您亦可将其设置为 multipart/form-data

MultiMap form = MultiMap.caseInsensitiveMultiMap();
form.set("firstName", "Dale");
form.set("lastName", "Cooper");

// Submit the form as a multipart form body
client
  .post(8080, "myserver.mycompany.com", "/some-uri")
  .putHeader("content-type", "multipart/form-data")
  .sendForm(form, ar -> {
    if (ar.succeeded()) {
      // Ok
    }
  });

If you want to upload files and send attributes, you can create a MultipartForm and use sendMultipartForm.

MultipartForm form = MultipartForm.create()
  .attribute("imageDescription", "a very nice image")
  .binaryFileUpload("imageFile", "image.jpg", "/path/to/image", "image/jpeg");

// Submit the form as a multipart form body
client
  .post(8080, "myserver.mycompany.com", "/some-uri")
  .sendMultipartForm(form, ar -> {
    if (ar.succeeded()) {
      // Ok
    }
  });

填充请求头

您可使用以下方式填充请求头:

HttpRequest<Buffer> request = client.get(8080, "myserver.mycompany.com", "/some-uri");
MultiMap headers = request.headers();
headers.set("content-type", "application/json");
headers.set("other-header", "foo");

此处 Headers 是一个 MultiMap 对象,提供了增加、设置以及删除头属性操作的入口。HTTP头的某些特定属性允许设置多个值。

您亦可通过 putHeader 方法写入头属性:

HttpRequest<Buffer> request = client.get(8080, "myserver.mycompany.com", "/some-uri");
request.putHeader("content-type", "application/json");
request.putHeader("other-header", "foo");

重用请求

send 方法可被重复多次调用,这使得配置以及重用 HttpRequest 对象变得更加便捷:

HttpRequest<Buffer> get = client.get(8080, "myserver.mycompany.com", "/some-uri");
get.send(ar -> {
  if (ar.succeeded()) {
    // Ok
  }
});

// Same request again
get.send(ar -> {
  if (ar.succeeded()) {
    // Ok
  }
});

请注意, HttpRequest 对象是可变的。 所以在修改缓存中的对象之前,您应当使用 copy 方法先复制一份拷贝:

HttpRequest<Buffer> get = client.get(8080, "myserver.mycompany.com", "/some-uri");
get.send(ar -> {
  if (ar.succeeded()) {
    // Ok
  }
});

// The "get" request instance remains unmodified
get.copy().putHeader("a-header", "with-some-value").send(ar -> {
  if (ar.succeeded()) {
    // Ok
  }
});

超时

您可通过 timeout 方法设置超时时间。

client
  .get(8080, "myserver.mycompany.com", "/some-uri")
  .timeout(5000)
  .send(ar -> {
    if (ar.succeeded()) {
      // Ok
    } else {
      // Might be a timeout when cause is java.util.concurrent.TimeoutException
    }
  });

若请求在设定时间内没返回任何数据,则一个超时异常将会传递给响应处理代码。

处理HTTP响应

Web Client请求发送之后,返回的结果将会被包装在异步结果 HttpResponse 中。

当响应被成功接收到之后,相应的回调函数将会被触发。

client
  .get(8080, "myserver.mycompany.com", "/some-uri")
  .send(ar -> {
    if (ar.succeeded()) {

      HttpResponse<Buffer> response = ar.result();

      System.out.println("Received response with status code" + response.statusCode());
    } else {
      System.out.println("Something went wrong " + ar.cause().getMessage());
    }
  });
Warning
缺省状况下,响应会被完全缓冲读入内存,请用 BodyCodec.pipe 方法将响应写入流。

响应编解码器

缺省状况下,响应以缓冲形式提供,并不提供任何形式的解码。

可用 BodyCodec 将响应定制成以下类型:

  • 普通字符串

  • JSON对象

  • 将JSON映射成POJO

  • WriteStream

响应体编解码器对二进制数据流解码,以节省您在响应处理中的代码。

使用 BodyCodec.jsonObject 将结果解码为JSON对象:

client
  .get(8080, "myserver.mycompany.com", "/some-uri")
  .as(BodyCodec.jsonObject())
  .send(ar -> {
    if (ar.succeeded()) {
      HttpResponse<JsonObject> response = ar.result();

      JsonObject body = response.body();

      System.out.println("Received response with status code" + response.statusCode() + " with body " + body);
    } else {
      System.out.println("Something went wrong " + ar.cause().getMessage());
    }
  });

在Java,Groovy以及Kotlin语言中,JSON对象可被解码映射成POJO:

client
  .get(8080, "myserver.mycompany.com", "/some-uri")
  .as(BodyCodec.json(User.class))
  .send(ar -> {
    if (ar.succeeded()) {
      HttpResponse<User> response = ar.result();

      User user = response.body();

      System.out.println("Received response with status code" + response.statusCode() + " with body " +
        user.getFirstName() + " " + user.getLastName());
    } else {
      System.out.println("Something went wrong " + ar.cause().getMessage());
    }
  });

当响应结果较大时,请使用 BodyCodec.pipe 方法。响应体编解码器将响应结果压入 WriteStream 并在最后发出成功或失败的信号。

client
  .get(8080, "myserver.mycompany.com", "/some-uri")
  .as(BodyCodec.pipe(writeStream))
  .send(ar -> {
    if (ar.succeeded()) {

      HttpResponse<Void> response = ar.result();

      System.out.println("Received response with status code" + response.statusCode());
    } else {
      System.out.println("Something went wrong " + ar.cause().getMessage());
    }
  });

最后,如您对响应结果不感兴趣,可用 BodyCodec.none 废弃响应体。

client
  .get(8080, "myserver.mycompany.com", "/some-uri")
  .as(BodyCodec.none())
  .send(ar -> {
    if (ar.succeeded()) {

      HttpResponse<Void> response = ar.result();

      System.out.println("Received response with status code" + response.statusCode());
    } else {
      System.out.println("Something went wrong " + ar.cause().getMessage());
    }
  });

若无法预知响应内容类型,您依旧可以在获取结果之后,用 bodyAsXXX() 方法将其转换成特定的类型

client
  .get(8080, "myserver.mycompany.com", "/some-uri")
  .send(ar -> {
    if (ar.succeeded()) {

      HttpResponse<Buffer> response = ar.result();

      // Decode the body as a json object
      JsonObject body = response.bodyAsJsonObject();

      System.out.println("Received response with status code" + response.statusCode() + " with body " + body);
    } else {
      System.out.println("Something went wrong " + ar.cause().getMessage());
    }
  });
Warning
这种方式仅对响应结果为缓冲体有效。

处理30x重定向

缺省状况下,客户端将会依照30x状态码自动重定向,您可使用 WebClientOptions 予以配置:

WebClient client = WebClient.create(vertx, new WebClientOptions().setFollowRedirects(false));

客户端将会执行最多达`16`次重定向,该参数亦可在 WebClientOptions 配置:

WebClient client = WebClient.create(vertx, new WebClientOptions().setMaxRedirects(5));

使用HTTPS

Vert.x Web Client可用与 HttpClient 相同方式配置HTTPS协议。

您可对每个请求单独设置:

client
  .get(443, "myserver.mycompany.com", "/some-uri")
  .ssl(true)
  .send(ar -> {
    if (ar.succeeded()) {
      // Obtain response
      HttpResponse<Buffer> response = ar.result();

      System.out.println("Received response with status code" + response.statusCode());
    } else {
      System.out.println("Something went wrong " + ar.cause().getMessage());
    }
  });

或使用绝对路径:

client
  .getAbs("https://myserver.mycompany.com:4043/some-uri")
  .send(ar -> {
    if (ar.succeeded()) {
      // Obtain response
      HttpResponse<Buffer> response = ar.result();

      System.out.println("Received response with status code" + response.statusCode());
    } else {
      System.out.println("Something went wrong " + ar.cause().getMessage());
    }
  });

RxJava2 API

RxJava的 HttpRequest 提供了原版API的响应式版本, rxSend 方法返回一个可被订阅的 Single<HttpResponse<Buffer>> , 故单个 Single 可被多次订阅。

Single<HttpResponse<Buffer>> single = client
  .get(8080, "myserver.mycompany.com", "/some-uri")
  .rxSend();

// Send a request upon subscription of the Single
single.subscribe(response -> System.out.println("Received 1st response with status code" + response.statusCode()), error -> System.out.println("Something went wrong " + error.getMessage()));

// Send another request
single.subscribe(response -> System.out.println("Received 2nd response with status code" + response.statusCode()), error -> System.out.println("Something went wrong " + error.getMessage()));

获取到的 Single 可与其它RxJava API自然组合成链式处理

Single<String> url = client
  .get(8080, "myserver.mycompany.com", "/some-uri")
  .rxSend()
  .map(HttpResponse::bodyAsString);

// Use the flatMap operator to make a request on the URL Single
url
  .flatMap(u -> client.getAbs(u).rxSend())
  .subscribe(response -> System.out.println("Received response with status code" + response.statusCode()), error -> System.out.println("Something went wrong " + error.getMessage()));

之前的例子可写成

Single<HttpResponse<JsonObject>> single = client
  .get(8080, "myserver.mycompany.com", "/some-uri")
  .putHeader("some-header", "header-value")
  .addQueryParam("some-param", "param value")
  .as(BodyCodec.jsonObject())
  .rxSend();
single.subscribe(resp -> {
  System.out.println(resp.statusCode());
  System.out.println(resp.body());
});

当发送请求体为 Flowable<Buffer> 时,应使用 sendStream

Flowable<Buffer> body = getPayload();

Single<HttpResponse<Buffer>> single = client
  .post(8080, "myserver.mycompany.com", "/some-uri")
  .rxSendStream(body);
single.subscribe(resp -> {
  System.out.println(resp.statusCode());
  System.out.println(resp.body());
});

当订阅时, body 将会被订阅,其内容将会被用于请求中。